![]() ![]() ![]() In other words the initial and medial forms should look exactly like those of a dotless bāʾ while the isolated and final forms should look like those of a dotless nūn. The dot should not appear in all four positional forms and the initial and medial forms should join with following character. ^a This character may not display correctly in some fonts.This results in only 15 visually distinct glyphs each in the initial and medial positions. However, in the initial and medial positions, certain letters that are distinct otherwise are not differentiated visually. When isolated and in the final position, the 18 letters are visually distinct. The Rasm is the oldest part of the Arabic script it has 18 elements, excluding the ligature of lām and alif. ![]() When speaking of the Qur'an, it stands for the basic text made of the 18 letters without the Arabic diacritics which mark vowels ( tashkīl) and disambiguate consonants ( i‘jām). Rasm means 'drawing', 'outline', or 'pattern' in Arabic. 'left out' diacritics to leave the text open, nor 'added' more to clarify it, but in most cases simply wrote diacritics where they were accustomed to writing them by habit or convention." Shared patterns in the usages of diacritics indicate that early Qurʾān manuscripts were produced by scribes relying upon very similar orthographic traditions to those that produced Arabic papyri and inscriptions of the first/seventh century." He concludes that Quranic scribes "neither By focusing on the few diacritics that do appear in early manuscripts, Adam Bursi "situates early Qurʾān manuscripts within the context of other Arabic documents of the first/seventh century that exhibit similarly infrequent diacritics. However, many scholars have noticed that this is not the case. One might assume that scribes would write these few diacritics in the most textually ambiguous places of the rasm, so as to make the Arabic text easier to read. Signs indicating short vowels and the hamzah are largely absent from Arabic orthography until the second/eighth century. The very earliest manuscripts have some consonantal diacritics, though use them only sparingly. In the early Arabic manuscripts that survive today (physical manuscripts dated 7th and 8th centuries AD), one finds dots but "putting dots was in no case compulsory". The basmala as written on the Birmingham mus'haf manuscript, the oldest surviving copy of the Qur'an. ![]()
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